Electronics

An example of an enantiomer is Lactic acid. Lactic acid exists in two enantiomeric forms: L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. These forms are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed, similar to left and right hands. They have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in their spatial arrangement of atoms around … Read more

Fans typically use AC (alternating current) motors, as AC motors are well-suited for applications that require continuous operation at a constant speed. AC motors are commonly found in household fans due to their simplicity, reliability, and ability to operate directly from the AC mains power supply commonly available in homes and buildings. AC motors used … Read more

Achiral refers to a molecule or object that lacks chirality, meaning it does not possess a non-superimposable mirror image. In chemistry, a molecule is achiral if it can be superimposed on its mirror image. Achiral molecules typically have a plane of symmetry or a center of symmetry that divides the molecule into two identical halves. … Read more

A diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals: an anode and a cathode. The direction in which a diode “goes” or conducts current depends on the polarity of the voltage applied to its terminals. Typically, current flows through a diode from the anode (positive terminal) to the cathode (negative terminal) when the diode is … Read more

Chiral refers to a molecule or object that exhibits chirality, meaning it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Chiral entities have a non-superimposable mirror image, often described as having “handedness.” This property arises when a molecule contains one or more asymmetric carbon centers or lacks a plane of symmetry or center of symmetry. Chirality … Read more

Testing a diode is crucial to ensure it is functioning correctly within an electronic circuit. Here are methods to test a diode and how to perform these tests: To test a diode, you can use a digital multimeter set to the diode test mode or continuity mode. Begin by identifying the anode and cathode terminals … Read more

A diastereomer is a type of stereoisomer that differs from another stereoisomer (typically another diastereomer or an enantiomer) at one or more, but not all, stereocenters in a molecule. Unlike enantiomers, diastereomers are not mirror images of each other and do not necessarily have opposite configurations at every chiral center in the molecule. This results … Read more

In a PNP transistor, holes do physically move within the semiconductor material. A PNP transistor consists of three semiconductor layers: a layer of p-type semiconductor (with positively charged holes as majority carriers) sandwiched between two layers of n-type semiconductor (with negatively charged electrons as majority carriers). When a small current flows into the base of … Read more

D-glucose and L-glucose are not epimers; they are actually enantiomers. They are mirror images of each other and are optically active, rotating plane-polarized light in opposite directions. The designation of D and L in glucose refers to the configuration of the hydroxyl group attached to the chiral center farthest from the carbonyl group (C5 in … Read more

Separating two enantiomers can be challenging because they have identical physical and chemical properties, except for their interactions with plane-polarized light (optical activity). One effective method for separating enantiomers is chiral chromatography. This technique utilizes a stationary phase that contains a chiral selector, which interacts differently with each enantiomer based on their stereochemistry. As the … Read more