Electronics

Capacitors, by their nature, do not increase the voltage level in a circuit. Instead, they store electrical energy in the form of an electric field between their plates. When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source, it charges up to the voltage of that source. For instance, if a 10V DC voltage is applied … Read more

A photodiode conducts in reverse bias because, under reverse bias, it is sensitive to light. When the photodiode is exposed to light, photons generate electron-hole pairs in the depletion region. These charge carriers are quickly swept across the junction by the electric field present in the reverse bias condition, resulting in a photocurrent that is … Read more

A light dependent resistor (LDR), also known as a photoresistor or photocell, is a type of resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. This change in resistance is due to the interaction of light photons with the semiconductor material within the LDR. When exposed to light, more photons are absorbed by the semiconductor, … Read more

In electronic circuits, it is common practice to earth (ground) one of the two plates of a capacitor for several reasons. One primary reason is to establish a stable reference point for voltage levels within the circuit. By grounding one plate of the capacitor, this plate is connected to the earth potential, which is typically … Read more

In a capacitor, the steady state current refers to the condition where the rate of change of charge on the capacitor plates becomes zero over time. This means that once the capacitor is fully charged (or discharged), the current flowing into or out of the capacitor ceases to exist. In other words, the steady state … Read more

A bias resistor in electronics is used to establish a specific operating point, or bias point, for active components such as transistors or operational amplifiers within a circuit. The resistor is typically connected to the base or gate of a transistor or the input of an operational amplifier to set the DC voltage level at … Read more

The voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously due to its inherent property of storing electrical charge. When a voltage is suddenly applied or changed across a capacitor, it cannot immediately adjust to the new voltage due to the time it takes for the capacitor to charge or discharge. This delay is characterized by the … Read more

Heaters are not just giant resistors but often incorporate resistive elements as part of their design. In many electric heaters, especially those used for space heating or water heating, heating elements are typically made from materials with high resistivity. These elements are designed to convert electrical energy into heat efficiently. While the heating element itself … Read more

Charging a capacitor is constrained by the maximum voltage rating of the capacitor itself. Capacitors have specific voltage ratings that indicate the maximum voltage they can safely withstand without risk of damage. Attempting to charge a capacitor beyond its rated voltage can lead to electrical breakdown, where the dielectric material inside the capacitor fails, potentially … Read more

Using a conductor instead of a dielectric medium in a capacitor would fundamentally alter its operation and effectiveness. Capacitors work based on the principle of storing electrical energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. A conductor, which allows free movement of electrons, would not support the necessary electric … Read more