Electromagnetic waves transport energy through oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space at the speed of light. These waves do not require a medium to travel through and can transmit energy across vacuum, air, or other mediums. As they travel, electromagnetic waves carry energy in the form of photons, which are discrete packets … Read more
What is reverse saturation current ? Reverse saturation current, in the context of semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors, refers to the small leakage current that flows when the device is reverse biased. This current is primarily due to minority carriers (electrons in P-type material and holes in N-type material) crossing the depletion region … Read more
How do an IR transmitter and receiver work ? An IR transmitter and receiver operate by using infrared light to transmit and receive signals wirelessly. The transmitter emits infrared light in a specific frequency range, modulated with data or commands. The receiver detects this modulated infrared light and demodulates it to retrieve the transmitted information. … Read more
Digital thermometers operate without mercury by utilizing electronic sensors to measure temperature instead of relying on the expansion of mercury or other liquids. These thermometers typically use a semiconductor sensor such as a thermistor or a resistance temperature detector (RTD) to detect changes in temperature. Thermistors change their electrical resistance with temperature, while RTDs change … Read more
To identify the primary and secondary windings of a transformer, you can start by examining the physical construction of the transformer. Typically, the primary winding will have fewer turns of thicker wire compared to the secondary winding, which usually has more turns of thinner wire. The primary winding is designed to handle higher voltages and … Read more
A transformer is referred to as a static device because it has no moving parts once it is constructed and operating. Unlike machines that typically involve mechanical components that move to perform their functions, transformers function purely based on electromagnetic principles and do not require any moving parts to transfer energy between windings. A transformer … Read more
Sound travels faster in water than in air primarily because water is denser and has a higher bulk modulus compared to air. The bulk modulus is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression under pressure. In water, the molecules are closer together and can transmit vibrations more efficiently, leading to a higher … Read more
AC (alternating current) supply is used in our homes primarily because it is more practical and efficient for transmitting electricity over long distances from power plants to residential areas. AC can be easily transformed to higher voltages for efficient transmission over power lines and then stepped down to safer voltages suitable for household use. This … Read more
A fuse itself does not detect faults in a circuit. Its primary function is to protect the circuit by interrupting the flow of current when it exceeds a certain threshold, known as the rated current or current rating of the fuse. When a fault such as overcurrent occurs in the circuit, the fuse heats up … Read more
PN junction diodes find numerous applications across various electronic circuits and devices. They are commonly used in rectification, where they convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). PN junction diodes are also employed as voltage regulators, signal demodulators in communication circuits, and as protection devices against voltage spikes and overvoltage conditions. Their ability to … Read more