Electronics

Semiconductors do not strictly follow Ohm’s Law because their resistance is not constant and changes with voltage, current, temperature, and other factors. Ohm’s Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, provided the temperature remains constant. In semiconductors, this linear relationship does … Read more

An electrical motor starter is a device used to start and stop an electric motor safely. It typically consists of a contactor and overload relays or protection devices housed in a single enclosure. The starter controls the motor’s operation by energizing or de-energizing the motor circuit based on commands from a control system or operator. … Read more

Humming in an AC motor can be caused by several factors, with one common reason being mechanical issues such as misalignment of motor components or worn-out bearings. Misalignment can cause the motor’s rotor to vibrate excessively, leading to a humming noise during operation. Similarly, worn-out bearings can produce humming or buzzing sounds as they fail … Read more

Diodes are electronic components that allow current to flow in one direction only. They consist of a semiconductor material with two terminals: an anode (positive) and a cathode (negative). Diodes are used in various applications such as rectification (converting AC to DC), signal modulation, and voltage regulation. They are fundamental building blocks in electronics circuits, … Read more

Inside a microprocessor or integrated circuit (IC), capacitors are essential components integrated directly into the semiconductor substrate rather than being external components mounted on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). These capacitors are typically formed using layers of conductive and insulating materials within the IC’s structure. For instance, capacitors in ICs can be fabricated using metal-insulator-metal … Read more

The vector group of a transformer refers to the arrangement of windings and their connections in relation to the phase shift between the primary and secondary windings. It specifies how the windings are connected and the angular displacement between them. Each vector group designation represents a specific phasing arrangement that affects the transformer’s performance, particularly … Read more

Zener diodes are heavily doped to achieve a specific breakdown voltage characteristic known as the Zener voltage. By heavily doping both the p-type and n-type semiconductor materials within the diode, the Zener diode can sustain a reverse-bias voltage without breaking down abruptly. This high doping concentration reduces the depletion region’s width, allowing the diode to … Read more

The terms “short circuit” and “earth fault” refer to different types of electrical faults that can occur in electrical systems, each with distinct characteristics and implications for safety and equipment protection. A short circuit occurs when there is an unintended connection (typically low resistance) between two points in an electrical circuit that are meant to … Read more

The magnetic field outside a toroid is typically zero due to the nature of the magnetic flux lines within the toroid core. A toroid is a ring-shaped core typically made of ferromagnetic material around which a coil is wound. When current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field. In a toroid, this magnetic … Read more