Electronics

The frequent failure of spark plugs can be attributed to several reasons, with one common cause being the accumulation of carbon deposits or fouling on the spark plug electrodes. This buildup can occur due to incomplete combustion, improper air-fuel mixture, or low-quality fuel. As carbon deposits accumulate, they can insulate the electrodes, making it difficult … Read more

A diode will conduct electricity in forward bias mode. In this mode, the diode is connected in such a way that the positive terminal of the voltage source is applied to the anode (positive side) of the diode, and the negative terminal to the cathode (negative side). This configuration allows current to flow through the … Read more

A starter is necessary to start a DC motor primarily because DC motors draw significantly higher currents when they start compared to when they are running at full speed. This initial surge of current, known as inrush current or starting current, can be several times higher than the motor’s rated current. Without a starter, directly … Read more

Tube lights, including fluorescent lights, typically operate using AC (alternating current) rather than DC (direct current). AC is the standard electrical supply for lighting fixtures in homes, offices, and most commercial settings. The fluorescent tube light relies on the AC supply voltage to create an alternating electric field inside the tube. This field excites the … Read more

Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) play a crucial role in computers by converting the mains AC (alternating current) voltage from the wall outlet into the lower DC (direct current) voltages required by various components within the computer system. The function of an SMPS in a computer is to efficiently regulate and distribute power to components such … Read more

Testing a transformer involves several steps to ensure its functionality and safety. The process starts with visual inspections for any physical damage or signs of wear and tear. Next, the insulation resistance is checked using a megohmmeter to ensure there are no insulation failures. Turns ratio testing follows, which compares the primary and secondary winding … Read more

The simple circuit of a boost step-up DC-DC converter works by increasing the voltage from a lower input level to a higher output level. This is achieved using an inductor, a switch (typically a transistor), a diode, and a capacitor. When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor, storing energy in its magnetic … Read more

The thickness of insulation in electrical components and systems depends on voltage primarily due to the need to withstand electrical stress and prevent electrical breakdown. Higher voltages generate stronger electric fields, which exert more stress on the insulation material. To prevent the risk of electrical arcing or short circuits, thicker insulation is required to provide … Read more

Matched pair transistors refer to a pair of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) that are carefully selected and paired together based on their electrical characteristics such as current gain (hFE), leakage current, and other parameters. The primary purpose of using matched pair transistors is to ensure consistent and balanced operation in circuits where precise matching between … Read more

The working principle of a centrifugal pump is based on the conversion of rotational kinetic energy from a motor or engine into hydrodynamic energy of the fluid being pumped. It operates by using an impeller, which is a rotating component with vanes or blades that accelerate the fluid outward. As the impeller spins, it creates … Read more