The biggest loss in a transformer is typically the core loss, also known as iron loss. This occurs due to the alternating magnetic field in the transformer’s core, causing hysteresis and eddy current losses. Hysteresis loss results from the lag between the magnetic field and magnetization of the core material, while eddy current loss is due to circulating currents induced within the core. These losses are inherent to the material properties of the core and the frequency of operation.
The maximum loss in transformers is usually the copper loss, also referred to as winding loss. Copper loss occurs due to the resistance of the windings, which causes heat to be generated as current flows through them. This loss is proportional to the square of the current and the resistance of the windings, meaning it increases significantly with higher load conditions. In most practical transformers, copper loss tends to exceed core loss under full load conditions.
The two main losses in a transformer are core loss (iron loss) and copper loss (winding loss). Core loss, as mentioned, occurs in the transformer’s core due to magnetic effects, while copper loss happens in the windings due to electrical resistance. Together, these losses determine the efficiency of the transformer, with efforts to minimize them focusing on selecting appropriate core materials and optimizing winding design.
The four losses in transformers include core loss, copper loss, stray loss, and dielectric loss. Core loss consists of hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core. Copper loss occurs in the windings due to resistance. Stray loss arises from leakage flux inducing currents in non-magnetic parts such as the tank and other structural components. Dielectric loss happens in the insulation materials due to the alternating electric field causing small currents to flow within the insulation, leading to energy dissipation.
The total loss of a transformer is the sum of core loss, copper loss, stray loss, and dielectric loss. Core loss and copper loss are typically the most significant components, with stray and dielectric losses being relatively smaller but still important for accurate efficiency calculations. Total loss affects the overall efficiency and performance of the transformer, influencing factors such as heat generation, operational costs, and reliability.