In an electric motor, capacitors serve a crucial role in starting and sometimes running the motor, especially in single-phase induction motors. The main purpose of a capacitor in an electric motor is to provide the necessary phase shift and torque to start the motor rotating. In single-phase motors, capacitors help create a rotating magnetic field necessary for starting torque production. Once the motor reaches a certain speed, the capacitor may switch out of the circuit or continue to provide auxiliary phase shift depending on the motor design.
Running a motor without a capacitor may be possible in some cases, particularly for small motors or where the motor is designed for direct-on-line starting. However, for single-phase induction motors, especially those used in appliances and tools, a capacitor is typically required to ensure reliable starting torque and smooth operation. Without a capacitor, the motor may struggle to start, produce less torque, or even fail to start altogether depending on the load and design of the motor.
The purpose of a capacitor in general is to store and release electrical energy. Capacitors are used in various applications across electronics and electrical systems for tasks such as energy storage, power factor correction, signal coupling and decoupling, filtering out noise or unwanted frequencies, and creating phase shifts in AC circuits.
Putting a capacitor across a motor, specifically in single-phase induction motors, helps improve the motor’s starting torque and efficiency. By creating a phase shift between the start and run windings of the motor, capacitors enable the motor to develop sufficient torque to overcome inertia and start rotating smoothly. This phase shift is crucial for initiating motion in single-phase motors where a rotating magnetic field is necessary for torque generation. Therefore, capacitors are strategically placed across the motor windings to optimize performance during startup and operation, particularly in applications where reliable starting and efficient running are essential.