Splitting of phases in induction motors, particularly in the context of split-phase induction motors, refers to the technique of creating two distinct sets of windings in the motor’s stator. This configuration allows the motor to generate a rotating magnetic field necessary for starting and running efficiently. In split-phase induction motors, there are two windings: the main winding and the auxiliary winding. These windings are spatially displaced by an electrical angle (typically 90 degrees) to create a phase difference between them.
The purpose of a split-phase induction motor is primarily for starting purposes. The auxiliary winding, also known as the starting winding, is designed with higher impedance and fewer turns compared to the main winding. This configuration creates a phase difference between the two windings when connected to a single-phase AC supply. During startup, the phase difference produces a rotating magnetic field that initiates the motor’s rotation. Once the motor reaches a certain speed, a centrifugal switch or a capacitor (in capacitor-start motors) disconnects the auxiliary winding from the circuit, allowing the motor to operate efficiently with the main winding alone.
Phase splitting in a single-phase motor, such as in split-phase induction motors, is necessary because single-phase AC supplies do not inherently produce a rotating magnetic field required for motor operation. Unlike three-phase motors where three windings naturally produce a rotating magnetic field, single-phase motors need additional techniques to create the starting torque necessary to overcome inertia and initiate rotation. By splitting the phase with two windings, the motor can achieve a rotating magnetic field that allows it to start reliably and develop sufficient torque to overcome static friction and inertia.
The advantages of split-phase induction motors include their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reliability in starting applications. Split-phase motors are widely used in applications where low starting torque is required, such as in household appliances like fans, blowers, and pumps. They offer a straightforward design that does not require complex control mechanisms or additional power supplies, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial and residential applications. Additionally, split-phase motors are durable and have a long operational life, making them a preferred choice where continuous and reliable operation is essential.